Spends Half Century With Mark Center Store (Maryetta Bowyer Defiance Crescent News March 31, 1960)

    For 50 years Clyde Elder has served and manged a store at Mark Center. Now still active (1960) with his son, Arnold, in the business known as "Elder and Son", he looks back over the years to explain his success in making large and extensive sales in a small town location.

    Mr. Elder was born in 1885 on an 80 acre farm southwest of Mark Center (Defiance Co. Ohio). His father, Curtis Elder born in Pennsylvania, was a Civil War veteran who had moved to Fostoria and had about 1880 purchase land in Mark Twp. at the same time his friend, Valentine Lybarger, had bargained for land near Hicksville.

    Clyde's mother, Elder's second wife, was Emma Crawford, daughter of Samuel Crawford. She had come from Spitzenburg, Germany, when she was 12 years old.

    When a small boy, Clyde had attended District 8 School. The plank building was later replaced by one that stood until recent years. The family attended Mark Center Methodist Church. It was necessary for them to travel on mud roads in all kinds of weather.

    "Sometime we walk to Sunday School and then home for dinner. Often we returned for services," Mr. Elder recalled, "I can remember", he said "when we had protractive  meetings one winter and the minister decided that we would have a spelldown", as was often customary in those days. My brothers, sisters,  and I were very surprised when we discovered that our mother could out spell them all. Her stiffest competitor had been Uncle Ike Haver.
    Although Mr. Elder didn't dance much, he liked to watch the dancers. The "bowery" dance gave such an opportunity. He explained what such  dance would be like.
    "In the summertime, they would go to the woods and get poles which would then be laid on the ground, and clapboards placed across them. Other poles were stood on end around the edge and green boughs were placed over the top."
    "Then, at night, the place was lighted with lanterns. There young and old of the neighborhood danced, sometime 12 sets at a time."
    "I wish" said Mr. Elder, "young people of today could see the way those couples could dance. The men would dance jigs around the ladies, and they were really good."
    I was a Methodist," explained Mr. Elder, "that was the reason I didn't dance much myself."
    Mark Center was quite a place then with two stave mills, a railroad station, a store, and five saloons. It had earlier been moved from the center of the township at the junction of present route 2 and 18, and it was just begining to feel its importance as a community center.
    "When I was growing up," remark Mr. Elder, "I was always interested in horse. All of the young men had horses and buggies, and each though that he had the best. The greatest sport was to prove it. Sometimes, it was not without accident. I had my wrist broken three times. Twice it was because of horses."
    "If the word delinquent had been invented in those days, I for one, with my mad desire for horse racing, would have been called one," he chuckled.
    "The fact is the Kentucky Derby for several years. I already have my receipt for my ticket this year. You have to apply in January," he added.
    Timber men and stave mill workers, and money frequently crossed the counter in exchange for goods.
   The business continued in the Hire family, and Harry Hire became owners.
    In 1911, he built the present cement block two-story building. The upper floor was constructed for use as a apartment. It was here that the Elders lived for many after they became the store's owners.
    Mr. Elder explained how they had kept up with the times and not suffered from a depression.
    "Several years ago, I realized that one has to keep up with the times, so we built a feed mill.Later, when food supplement was used to feed livestock, we began to sell that."
    Amish farmers, near the Mark Center community, needed a place where they could buy feed without driving long distance. It has been for their convenience that the Elders have carried the extra sideline.
    "After my wife and I bought the store," he remarked, people used to come into town and sit in the seats that then lined the store. Sometime they bought nothing. They'd just sit there and visit the entire evening.
    "There used to be spittoons all around the store. Although we'd empty them frequently, often our customers missed their mark, and it was our job to clean up. I used to think that if one could only bottle the order what a good disinfectant it would have made.
    "The first sale I made was pound of crackers for a dime. These I sold to Mr. Mark Slough. Our business was greatest on Saturday. It seemed that every. It seemed that every man that came  to Mark Center bought three pounds of crackers for 25 cents.

     

    

Footnote  Clyde Elder pass away 30 Oct. 1964, and buried at Sherwood Cemetery, Defiance Co., Ohio.

U.S, War Dog "Smokey"

    Smokey entered Coast Guard in 1943, and trained at War Reception Center, Ft. Royal Va. Served at Naval Air Station, Traverse City, Michigan, and Curtis Bay Md. Discharge in 1945. "Smokey" owned by John A Kern, 208 E 2nd Street, Defiance, Ohio.
     
                The Men and Women in World War 2
                From Defiance County








   

Fort Defiance Flagstaff

    The treaty of Detroit, executed by Gen. William Hull at that place in 1807, was signed by the Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandots, and Pottawatamies, and ceded lands surrounding and extending along Detroit River and Lake Erie down into Ohio as far as the Maumee River. This was the first public land to become available in what is now Michigan. The treaty line began at the mouth of the Maumee  and proceeded up the middle of that river to the present site of Defiance, thence due north beyond the present limits of Ohio. The line north from Defiance later became the meridian for all public land surveys in Michigan. This meridian also governs that strip of land between the Fulton and Harris lines in Ohio, and is known today as the Michigan Meridian in the public land system of the United States.

                                                                        Original
                                                     Ohio Land Subdivisions
                                                       C.E. Sherman  Inspector    1925    Pages 133-134

Evansport Marker (Defiance County Ohio)

St Paul's Episcopal Church (Hicksville Ohio)

St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Historical Site (Hicksville, Ohio)

Huber Opera House (Hicksville Ohio)

Huber Opera House  Today

Huber Opera House  About 1909

Decoration Day (Sherwood Ohio)

Dey Road Bridge Defiance Ohio

Defiance B&O Junction, West End of Defiance, Ohio

Defiance Public Library, Cornerstone Ceremony

Defiance Public Library, Today

Defiance Public Library, Cornerstone Ceremony  Oct. 9, 1904

The Indian and the Watch (Defiance County History 1883 Page 157)

William Lewis House   East Defiance, Ohio    2015

William Preston, Grave, Edgerton, Williams Co., Ohio

Double Log Cabin    (Auglaize Village Defiance County Historical Soc.)

    At an early day, when Defiance could boast of having a log jail and the Sheriff lived in a double log cabin in East Defiance, where stands the brick residence owned by William Lewis (Baker House now), one of Defiance early pioneers. His Honor the Sheriff William Preston, had an Indian in the lock-up for stealing a watch. The custom of the Sheriff was to hang the key to the jail at the entrance of his double log cabin, and as court convened but a year several young men, thinking it rather expensive to the county to keep the Indian until next term of court, proceeded to the Sheriff residents, took the key from the porch and let the Indian out. Several young men  being station at convenient distance, with whips in hand, whipped the Indian out of town. The next morning, the sheriff took down the as usual, and started for the jail with breakfast for his prisoner, found no Indian. The boys had locked the door, and returned the key to its proper place. Frederick Bridenbaugh, Allen Brocher, James Spofford, and others were te boys who had the fun.

Defiance Junction of The B&O Depot (Defiance Crescent News January 19, 1963) By Lloyd Tuttle

    The old B&O depot with its oil lamps, pot-bellied stove and hard seats. It was a big depot and a busy one. There were two large waiting rooms, a ticket and telegraph office in between. One end of the telegraph office was used by the Wabash and the stop was known as the Defiance Juction. At the west end was the baggage room where Ed Murphy held forth. Ed was not only an expert baggage man but a philosopher as well. He was one of Father Kincaid's boys, a local Catholic Priest whose admonitions led many a boy to sign the pledge. Ed never took a drink of intoxicating liquor in his life.
    The station was a big frame structure with a slate roof. Back of the depot building was a United States Express office where as high as 14 men were employed. The freight house had a crew of 17. Most were students, boys just out of school.
    There were plenty of trains those days. Both railroads operated passenger trains that stopped at all points, as well as fast trains. There was a big immigrant business and many cars changed for western points. The Wabash frequently had a string of Santa Fe tourist cars shunted on a siding across from the B&O depot. Each immigrant carried a bed tick and in that tick were his worldly possessions. He was tagged as to where he was going. These were the people who built up the great empire of the west.
    Sunday afternoons folks used to go to the B&O Depot to see the sights There were trains, immigrants, hoboes, and and Police Lt. Dan Shea in the mildst of all preserving peace and order and giving information. Lt. Shea was a typical Chicago-type Irish policeman of that period.
    It wasn't the depot so much that was an attraction as the immediate neighborhood. At one time there were nine liquor places, a Chinese laundry, three houses of ill repute, a fire department, (the clipper Hose co., with a hand drawn hose reel)ma cell block in the rear of the city's ward building where hoboes were kept over night and fed in the morning a good steaming bowl of hot soup, because that was the day of the railroad hobo, an eccentric lot never committed serious crimes but would not work and traveled from place to place in freight cars, and on brake beams under cars.
    Across from the depot was the Junction House which started as a hostelry and end up sort of a brothel. It was a tough place. One night a battle took place that would have been a credit to a Central American revolution. The entire police force of four men and the chief were engaged. They reached the scene in a street car. The street car line terminated at the south end of Harrison Ave. and received quite a patronage from the depot.
    The battle started about 9 pm and lasted until about 2 am when the police route the defenders who ran down the B&O tracks to the old Marshall hoop mill (now the Farmer Co-Operative). Here they made a brief stand but were driven out probably because of lack of ammunition. Many shots were fired and one of the occupants of the saloon who attempted to cross the tracks was shot in the sitter. Jim Montgomery, B&O fright agent, who was working at night had a close call. A bullet bored into the window sash,about two inches from his head.
    There was a barber shop, and also a restaurant. The restaurant served meals that would make folks today green with envy. You could buy a whole pie for 20 cents. And it was a pie both in taste and size.
    For a long time the B&O double tracks end in East Defiance and at Sherwood, with the result that there was always a congestion in the local yards. One day there was as high as 14 locomotives in the yards.
    Police officers were kept on duty 24 hours a day at the old B&O depot. Many Chicago and Toledo thugs made some of the places in the immediate vicinity a hang out.
    That was the day of the horse drawn buses. The Crosby Hotel, Cunningham Hotel and Hotel Wayne each had a bus that met the passenger trains and the drivers would line up and call out their hotel and bus. Sometimes they would yell "bus to any part of the city", at other times "Crosby Hotel bus." The competition became so spirited that the railroad company placed a wire in the wooden platform and the bus men were not allowed to step over the wire.
    Folks in the neighborhood of the B&O depot lived high on oysters. The B&O ran wht was called the "oyster train." It was a solid express train of oysters in wooden buckets at this point from eight to a dozen platform trucks loads were transferred every day to the Wabash. They were iced here and one of the peculiar things is that in the icing process the buckets overflowed but hardy any water ever ran over, but oysters instead. For 15 cents you could go to the "proper" persons and get all the oysters you wanted. Frequently consignees would refuse a shipment of oysters, then the Express Company was ordered to sell them.
    Whiskey was shipped in oak barrels. The rear end of the freight platform was quite high above, the sloping ground and there were a few vagrants who liked their liquor straight. They used to crawl under the platform, bore a hole in the barrel get a swig and then plug the hole.
     When the Baltimore and Ohio elevated their tracks through Defiance, built over-passes or viaducts, and erected a new depot on Clinton street and the freight house east of it, all changed.Today the site of all the activity is vacant. The land is on the east side of Deatrick street. between the two railroads and the fast freights whiz by at 40 and 50 miles an hour.
    The Junction House is gone, the barber shop is gone, the good old time restaurant is gone.
    Much of the switching has been transferred to east of Defiance so as not to block streets. Time marches on and scenes change!
                                                    Lloyd Tuttle

\B&O Depot on Clinton, Defiance Ohio     Last depot in Defiance

Foot note The old B&O Depot is still standing, now is The Station Bar and Grill.

Defiance Home Saving and Loan Bank C1910 Defiance Ohio

Edwin Phelps (Defiance Ohio) Defiance County Express July 8, 1886

    Edwin Phelps came to Defiance 20th of August 1834. The time of his arrival was perhaps the gloomiest period the Maumee valley has ever known. About a month or perhaps a little more previous to his arrival there had been a great flood in the Maumee, Auglaize Rivers and Blanchard fork of the Auglaize, which had swept every thing in shape of crops on the Maumee from Fort Wayne to Maumee City, and the Auglaize from St. Marys to Defiance, and from Findlay to the Auglaize on Blanchard Fork. At that time there were no farm except along the streams and these few and far between; and a loss of crops at that time meant suffering if not starvation. As an evidence of the almost compete destructions of crops Edwin Phelps only mention one item, that of potatoes, which in the spring of 1835 at Fort Wayne, the only place where any to be had, sold at 37 and half cents per dozen, and small ones at that; and it was two or three years before the farmers obtained enough seed to be able to plant what they deemed necessary for domestic use.
    The crop of corn was in about the same condition, with this advantage, that there was great difficulty in procuring seeds the following spring. Of the wheat there was very little if any raised, as the ground was then considered too rich to produce wheat, and there were no mills in the in the country to grind it, the principal food was being literally hogs and hominy. The corn was mostly pounded in mortars made by burning holes in the top of a hardwood stumps.
    In this connection Edwin Phelps related a small incident personal to himself. "In June 1835, William A Brown came from St. Lawence County, New York, to Defiance, and an aunt of mine and has put five potatoes in his trunk for me. He arrived here just as I was recovering from an attack of billious fever. I cut the eye from the potatoes and planted them in the garden and ate the balance. By careful attention I raised about half a bushel of nice potatoes everyone of  which was kept for seed the following spring."
    But worse than the loss of  corps the high water had covered the banks of the streams with a shimy mud, and followed by the hot sun of July and August nearly every family in the whole region of the Maumee and Auglaize valley was prostrate by sickness, either billious fever or fevers and ague, and to make matter still worse nearly all the doctors were also sick and unable to attend to their patients.
    Defiance at that time was comprised of 150 lots. The town was laid out by Horatio Philips and Benjanin Levell.
    Defiance was surveyed in November 1822, but not acknowledge  until the 18th day  of April 1823, and recorded in the records of Wood County 23 day of April 1823. Then Williams,, together with Putnam, Paulding, Henry, and the territory comprising the counties of Fulton and Lucas were attached to Wood County for judicial purposes.
    In laying out  Defiance the square bounded by Wayne, Clinton. First and Second streets, was marked A on the map, and was reserved by Philips and Levell to be divided into lots and sold unless Defiance should become a county seat, to become a public common, location of public buildings and never to be sold, "B" on the map was the old fort grounds to be a common use as a fenced in for a pasture until Defiance is incorporated. Lot 126 a small triangular piece of land between Front and First street and west of Perry street, was donated for a school lot, and Phelps first saw it, an old log school house was there (corner of Perry and First streets).
    A good general idea of the appearance of Defiance in 1834,was that Defiance was covered with a thick undergrowth of bushes south of Second Street and west of the canal.
    The canal was not then built, but the ground occupied by a ravine or a small run covered with a dense growth of thorn apple and crab apple tree and sumac.
    The only person living south of Second Street and west of this side of the present canal was Robert Wassen, who lived in a log house on First street near Jackson street and Amos Evans, living at the corner of Second and Clinton Street, Alfred Purcell at the corner of Third and Clinton, Jacob Kniss on Jefferson Street. On the end of Jefferson and Third street, Peter Bridenbaugh, who lived near Walter Davis and had a log house and cooper shop near the corner of Third and Washington street.
    There was also a log cabin just south of where the Methodist church now stands was occupied as a parsonage and church by the Methodist church when they were so fortunate as to have a minister, and I think was occupied by Harry O Shelden. When there were too many for their accommodation at the parsonage service were held in the old court house was occupied as a residence of Henry Hardy (where the Post Office now is).
    The streets in the town were not even chopped out, with the exception of Front and First streets from Jefferson to Clinton. Jefferson street was underbrushed wide enough for a road from the Maumee to the Auglaize river, where there was a ford across the river, which settlers used who came to Defiance from the south side of the Auglaize on horse back. There was a road also underbrushed out leading from Jefferson street, commencing at its intersection with First, running diagonally across Defiance, passing near where the soldier's Monument now stands to near the present B&O  depot, where it forked the left branch going to Piqua, Miami Co., and the other to Fort Wayne. Neither of these roads was in condition to travel by wagons, but were trails upon which the mail were carried on horse-back, one route being from Maumee City to Fort Wayne, and the other from Defiance to Fort Wayne, which was carried weekly, the distance being about ninety-five miles each.

Chief Shabonee ( Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois Page 476)

Chief  Shabbonee   1775? to 1859

Chief Shabbonee Marker Old 424 Defiance Ohio

    Shabbona (Shabona), Ottawa Indian who would later in his life become a Pottawatomie Chief, was born near the the Maumee River,(Defiance Ohio) in Ohio about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the Battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 Shabona accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell to the home of the Pottawatomie and other tribs within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-operation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, Shabona was my the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United State through Gen. Cass at Detroit.
    Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1832, and did much to thwart the plans of Black Hawk and aid the whites. Having married a daughter of a Pottawatomie Chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa Ill., Shabona lived there for some time, but finally moved 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb Ill.. Here Shabona remained till 1837, when he moved to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. Shabona finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek near Morris Ill., where Shabona died, 27 July 1859.

                   N. Matson  Personal Friend of Shabona     (Chicago 1878)

Soldiers Monument Defiance Ohio

Our Old Apple Tree (Defiance County History 1883 Page 207)

Drawing of  Defiance French and Indian Apple Tree 1860s

Defiance Apple Tree marker today.

      We were at Fort Defiance two years (1824) before we had a school. Then a Mr. Smith came with his family and moved into an old trading house, and opened school in an old blacksmith shop that stood near Shane,s apple tree. The tree was full of apples. Mr. Rice claimed the apples, but the scholars were allowed to play under it. It gave a fine shade. The trunk was short and thick, the top large and spreading. The tradition of the tree then was that the wigwam where Shane was born stood near there, and on that day his father planted this tree, and when Shane was a little boy, the Indian boys when mad at him would break down his tree to spite him, which accounted for it shape.

    Shane was then a man fifty years old, living at Shane's Prairie, on the St. Mary's River (Darke County, Ohio).

                           Ruth Shirley  Austin     1883

Northwest Ohio Survey (Defiance County History 1883 Page 83-84)

    The lands now embrace within Defiance County were ceded to the United States by the Indians by a treaty made September 29, 1817, at the Rapids of the Miami of the Lake Erie (Maumee River), between Lewis Cass and Duncan Mc Arthur, Commissioners, and the chiefs and warriors of the various Indian tribes. Surveys were made from the Indiana line east to the line of the Western Reserve, and south to the Greenville treaty line. The base line of this survey is the 41st degree of north latitude, and it is also the south line of the Connecticut Western Reserve. The plan of survey of the lands originated with Jared Mansfield, Surveyor General of the United States. From the base line the townships are numbered south and east of the Indiana line, our meridian. Each township is six miles square and is subdivided into thirty-six sections, parallel with the township lines, of one mile square each, containing 640 acres, so that every regular land township contains 23,040 acres of land. Each section can be legally subdivided into quarter section of 160 acres; and each quarter section into quarters of 40 acres; and each 40 acres, for convenience of sale, can be divided into quarters, also, of 10 acres, so that an exact and legally correct description of ten acres of land out of a whole section can be made without a survey, and the line afterward be exactly determined by a competent surveyor.
    The townships were surveyed in 1820. In Defiance County, Hicksville, Milford, Farmer, Mark and Washington Township were surveyed by Joseph Wampler; Defiance, Richland, Adam and Tiffin by James Riley, Highland and Delware Townships by James Powell.
    The land office was located at Piqua, and was opened in 1821, in which year some of  the best land along the rivers was entered. Until 1834, very little was taken, but during the years 1835-36 and 1837 the greater portion was entered, principally by speculators and land companies. The Hicks Land Company, in Hicksville alone, owned 14,000 acres. Mr. A.P. Edgerton, at Hicksville, agent for this and the American Land Company in Northwestern Ohio, sold over 107,000 acres. These extensive purchases, however, proved disastrous. The expected speedy increase in value did not occur, and much land was sold in four or five years for less than the original price paid.

Evansport Photo ( Defiance County Ohio)

Defiance County Sunday School Association meeting in Evansport Ohio

Holgate Ave. (Defiance Ohio)

How the Flag of the 48th Ohio Inf. was Saved (Defiance County History 1883 Page 130)

Capt. Daniel Gunsaullus 48th Ohio Vol. Inf. Company F

    When the 48th Regiment, to which Company F (Defiance Ohio), was overpower and captured at the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 8, 1864, the color-bearer, Isaac Scott, in the midst of the excitement threw down the regimental flag, but an old man sprang forward and tore the old flag  from its staff and slipped it into his haversack. He was left sick on his way to prison, and did not arrive for some time after; but through all his sickness he clung to the flag, and upon arriving at Camp Ford, Tex., to which place the regiment had preceded him, delivered the flag to the officers of the regiment for safe keeping, and it was sewed up in Capt. Gunsaullus' (Co. F), inside of the lining, where he wore it in safety up to the time of their being  exchanged, at the mouth of the Red River, on the Mississippi, October 23, 1864, after an imprisonment of six months and fifteen days. Passing down the Mississippi a short distance, they left the rebel craft and were turned over to Col. Dwight Commissioner of exchange. He order them on board the St. Mary's, where a band of music from New Orleans, and a number of ladies-wives of Union Officers were awaiting their arrival. Upon boarding the vessel, they proceeded immediately to the upper deck. The old flag was then torn from its place of concealment (Capt. G.'s blouse), and hastily tied to a staff prepared for the occasion. At this signal, the band struck up the "Star Spangled Banner>" and the old flag of the 48th Ohio Inf. was unfurled to the breeze, with waving of handkerchiefs and amid the wild shouts and deafening cheers of the released prisoners.
    The flag was afterward placed in the flag room of the State House at Columbus, Ohio,
    The rebel Assistant Agent of Exchange, Capt. Birchett (who accompanied the prisoners), on his return to Camp Ford related to the remaining prisoners how the flag of the Forty- eighth Ohio, in his presence, was torn from the coat of one of the officers, after they were exchange at the Red River. He said it was one of the most exciting scenes he ever witnessed, and that the regiment deserved a great deal of credit for preserving their colors during their imprisonment.

Defiance County Ohio Civil War Veterans (Front of Defiance County Courthouse)

New Riverside Cemetery (Defiance Ohio)

Simplex Aircraft Company (City of Defiance, Ohio)

S. Beaman's Store, Junction Ohio (Paulding County Ohio)

Mule Bridge Independence Dam State Park ( Defiance County Ohio)

Lester Diner Bryan Ohio

Armory (Defiance Ohio) Clinton Street 1925

Hotel Ravines (State Route 15-18) Defiance Ohio

Not Grave Robbery Salome Nicely Defiance Democrat 30 March 1899

    In 1899, Salome Nicely, a Confederate veteran, passed away at Ney, Defiance County, Ohio

    About a week after Salome had been interred at Moats Cemetery (Delaware Twp. Defiance County). One of the family happened to remember, that the deceased used his hollow wooden leg for a bank. The body was then exhumed and the leg yielded about forty dollars and a thousand dollar life insurance policy.

Squirrels

    In the fall of 1855, Defiance was over run with wild squirrels who were migrating from east to west.

    For several days, no matter which way you turned they could be seen in the streets and alleys, in door yards and trees, but all moving in a westerly course. Along their route they devoured everything which squirrels will eat, and hickory trees especially were alive with them. During the time they were here Mr. Buffington says he did not go far from town and could not tell how wide the territory they traveled over, but there were thousands upon thousands of them.
    They were of the gray and black species of squirrels, very few if any red ones being found among them. People here killed many of them with clubs for they were easily approached and could not be turned from general course.
    About a week after they were the thickest a squirrel hunt was organized. Mr. Buffington and Angus Downs, were selected as captains and each choose eight men, making eighteen in all.
    They started at a given time in the morning and shot until evening; when the count was made the hunters had 960 dead squirrels as a results of the day's sport.
    Angus Downs side had the most, Angus himself having killed 110. The game was piled up in front of the Russel House Hotel and everyone who would carry them away were welcome to them.
    All of these squirrels were killed within one and one-half miles of Defiance.


Defiance Democrat    7-14-1892